SAMPLE TEST #2
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer.
1. The myosin-linked control system on which calcium acts on myosin to promote contraction is characteristic of:
a. skeletal muscles
b. cardiac muscles
c. smooth muscles
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
2. The muscles that control the opening of the pupil of the eye or the diameter of blood vessels are ___ muscles.
a. smooth
b. skeletal
c. voluntary
d. cardiac
e. none of the above
3. Voluntary muscles include:
a. smooth muscles
b. skeletal muscles
c. cardiac muscles
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
4. Striated muscles include:
a. skeletal muscles
b. cardiac muscles
c. smooth muscles
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
5. The entire skeletal muscle is covered by a layer of connective tissue known as the:
a. sarcolemma
b. epimysium
c. perimysium
d. endomysium
e. both a and c, but not b or d
5. The functional and anatomical unit of a skeletal muscle is the:
a. sarcomere
b. actin filament
c. crossbridge
d. H-zone
e. none of the above
7. The dark and light bands in striated muscle are composed of:
a. different kinds of protein filaments
b. layers of carbohydrates
c. alternating muscle and connective tissue
d. layers of adipose tissue interspersed with muscle tissue
e. ridges similar to those that appear on fingerprints
8. The sarcomere is:
a. the membrane surrounding a myofilament
b. responsible for the striations seen in some muscles
c. the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
d. a region of mitochondria that supplies energy for
contracting
e. none of the above
9. The region of the muscle where only thin filaments are located is called the:
a. A-band
b. B-band
c. I-band
d. M-line
e. Z-line
10. During muscle contraction:
a. the thin fiber shortens
b. the thick fiber shortens
c. both fibers shorten
d. neither fiber shortens
e. both fibers lengthen
11. During contraction:
a. the A-band remains the same and the I-band shortens
b. the I-band remains the same and the A-band shortens
c. both A-band and I-band shorten
d. neither the A-band nor the I-band changes
e. none of the above
12. The thin filaments of a muscle filament are ___ filaments.
a. actin
b. troponin
c. tropomyosin
d. myosin
e. none of the above
13. The transverse tubular system:
a. speeds the transmission of an action potential down the length of muscle
b. activates only one myofibril at a time
c. is a device that allows the deeper muscle myofibrils to receive the effects of
action potentials quickly
d. enables the rapid transport of lactic acid away from the muscle
e. allows for individual sarcomeres to contract
14. In a resting muscle cell, calcium ions are highly concentrated within:
a. sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. terminal cisternae
c. the interior of myofibrils
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
15. Creatine phosphate:
a. is an inhibitor
b. blocks receptor sites
c. assists in dissipating lactic acid
d. is a chemical that stores ATP
e. is produced by glycolysis
16. The most numerous blood cells are:
a. eukaryotes
b. platelets
c. erythrocytes
d. lymphocytes
e. variable, dependent on the person's health
17. The most common solute found in blood plasma is
a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide
c. glucose
d. proteins
e. lipids
18. Which of the following is not a white blood cell?
a. monocyte
b. granulocyte
c. thrombocyte
d. eosinophil
e. basophil
19. The amount of blood in an adult male is ____ liters.
a. 3-4
b. 4-5
c. 5-6
d. 6-7
e. 7-8
20. Which of the following is an agranular leukocyte?
a. eosinophil
b. monocyte
c. thrombocyte
d. basophil
e. neutrophil
21. The most abundant and smallest plasma protein is:
a. albumin
b. thrombin
c. globulin
d. fibrinogen
e. immunoglobulin
22. Albumin functions in the transport of:
a. copper, zinc, and iron
b. bilirubin and thyroxine
c. lipids
d. vitamins
e. fibrin
23. Megakaryocytes are involved in the production of:
a. lymphocytes
b. erythrocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. granulocytes
e. agranulocytes
24. Normal human blood contains approximately ____ million red blood cells per millimeter.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
25. The ion responsible for oxygen transport by hemoglobin is:
a. cobalt
b. hydrogen
c. manganese
d. iron
e. phosphorus
26. Each hemoglobin molecule contains ____ peptide groups.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
27. The most common peptide chains found in adult hemoglobin molecules are the ___ chains.
a. alpha
b. beta
c. gamma
d. delta
e. none of the above
28. Sickle cell disease:
a. is produced by a genetic mutation
b. is characterized by a change in the beta chain of amino acids
c. results from a change in the shape of the red blood cell that reduces its ability to transport oxygen
d. is often characterized by anemia because the red blood cells hemolyze
e. all of the above
29. Which of the following is the immediate precursor of red blood cells?
a. basophilic erythroblast
b. reticulocyte
c. proerythroblast
d. normoblast
e. polychromatophilic
30. Which of the following substances in the breakdown of the heme of hemoglobin is the last substance in the sequence?
a. bilirubin
b. biliverdin
c. urobilin
d. glucuronic acid
e. urobilinogen
31. The Rh agglutinogens are indicated by the letter:
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
32. The blood type that is characterized by both a and b antibodies in the plasma but not antigens on the red blood cell is blood type:
a. A
b. B
c. AB
d. O
e. both c and d, but not a or b
33. The type of white blood cell that primarily detoxifies foreign proteins and antibody-antigen complexes is the:
a. basophil
b. eosinophil
c. neutrophil
d. lymphocyte
e. monocyte
34. The rarest of the white blood cells that produce histamine and heparin are:
a. basophils
b. eosinophils
c. neutrophils
d. lymphocytes
e. monocytes
35. ____ ions are needed for blood clotting to occur.
a. Sulfur
b. Manganese
c. Magnesium
d. Calcium
e. Cobalt
36. An antigen on a cell surface is a molecule of:
a. protein
b. glycoprotein
c. glycolipid
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
37. Interferon functions by:
a. preventing viral
replication
b. making viruses
susceptible to antibodies
c. destroying the
covering of viral particles
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
38. Interferon gamma is produced by:
a. activated
T-lymphocytes
b. natural killer
cells
c. B-lymphocytes
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
39. Complement proteins:
a. lyse cell walls of certain microbes
b. increase
capillary permeability
c. attract
leukocytes by chemotaxis
d. coat the surface
of a microbe to signal neutrophils and macrophages to
destroy them
e. all of the above
40. Cell-mediated immune response is the primary responsibility of:
a. T-lymphocytes
b. macrophages
c. B-lymphocytes
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
41. The binding of a CD4 plus cell and a MHC II antigen stimulates the
macrophage to produce:
a. interleukin-2
b. histamine
c. a protein called
CD 80
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
42. The normal pH of the blood is:
a . 5.4
b . 6.5
c . 7.0
d . 7.4
e . 7.9
43. Hormones are:
a. derived from metabolism of amino acids
b. peptide or protein in nature
c. derived from cholesterol
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
44. Hormones that are secreted into the interstitial fluid and not blood vessels are described as:
a. paracrine
b. autocrine
c. endocrine
d. exocrine
e. both a and b, but not c and d
45. The primary purpose of the endocrine system is:
a. body repair
b. maintenance of homeostasis
c. coordination of movement
d. response to external stimuli
e. none of the above
46. Second messenger system may involve:
a. adenylate cyclase /cAMP
b. phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol
c. receptor linked ion channels
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
47. Which of the following hormone(s) does NOT use cyclic AMP as a second messenger?
a. glucagon
b. ACTH
c. insulin
d. steroid hormones
e. none of the above
48. The receptors for steroid hormones are MOST LIKELY located:
a. on the plasma membrane
b. on the nuclear membrane
c. free in the cytoplasm
d. within the nucleus
e. b or c or d but not a
49. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of:
a. luteinizing hormones
b. follicle-stimulating hormone
c. pro1actin
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
50. Somatostatin is produced by the:
a. hypothalamus
b. pancreas
c. adrenal cortex
d. adrenal medulla
e. both a ad b, but not c and d
51. Which of the following inhibits the release of the growth hormone?
a. deep sleep
b. high blood glucose concentration
c. amino acids especially arginine
d. infection
e. physical trauma and psychological stress
52. Although somatomedin is produced by many tissues, the predominant and most important site of production is the:
a. pancreas
b. pituitary
c. liver
d. thymus
e. hypothalamus
53. In a resting muscle cell,
calcium ions are highly concentrated within (same as #14):
a. sarcoplasmic reticulium
b. terminal cisternae
c. the interior of myofibrils
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c
54. During excess secretion of glucocorticoids, the amount of fat decreases:
a. in the arms and legs
b. in the shoulder blade area
c. throughout the trunk
d. both a and b but not c
e. both b and c, but not a
55. One of the regulators of aldosterone secretion is _________ions.
a. phosphorus
b. potassium
c. chlorine
d. calcium
e. zinc
56. Aldosterone primarily produces its major effects in the:
a . 1iver
b. circulatory system
c. gonads
d. kidneys
e. digestive tract
57. As a result of aldosterone action, the retention of _____ increases.
a. potassium
b . sodium
c. carbon dioxide
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus
58. The islets of Langerhans represents approximately _______ percent of the mass of the pancreas.
a . 1-2
b . 4-5
c . 8-10
d . 15-20
e. over 75
59. Insulin is produced by the ________ cells of the pancreas.
a. alpha
b. beta
c. gamma
d. delta
e. F