SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL
1. Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
a) regulation of extracellular fluid volume
b) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
c) regulation of blood protein levels
d) regulation of blood osmolarity
e) homeostatic regulation of blood pH
2. The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.
a. renal pyramid
b. loop of Henle
c. renal corpuscle
d. renal papilla
e. collecting system
3. Glomerular filtration is favored by the __________.
a.
hydraulic pressure of the blood in the glomerular
capillaries
b. osmotic
pressure inside the glomerular capillaries
c. fluid
pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules
d. A and B
e. A, B and C
4. The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by __________.
a. the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole
b. sympathetic neural control
c. ANP
d. angiotensin II
e. all of the above
5. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by __________.
a. diffusion
b. symport with sodium
c. cotransport
d. countertransport
6. Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except one. Identify the exception.
a. hydrogen ions
b. urea
c. large proteins
d. salts
e. creatinine
7. Damage to the renal medulla would interfere mostly with the functioning of the __________.
a. Bowman's capsule
b. distal tubule
c. collecting ducts
d. proximal tubule
e. glomerulus
8. If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, __________.
a. stretch
reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow
b. the
smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow
c. the
stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood
pressure
d. B and C
9. In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration _________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.
a. is much higher than
b. is slightly higher than
c. about the same as
d. is slightly lower than
e. is much lower than
10. The kidneys can alter extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by __________.
a) changing the amount of water excreted
b) changing the amount of sodium excreted
c) both of these
d) neither of these
11. The hormone that controls water excretion by the kidneys is __________.
a) ADH
b) aldosterone
c) epinephrine
d) ANP
e) angiotensin
12. When plasma water is lost but electrolytes are retained, __________.
a) the osmolarity of the ECF falls
b) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF
c) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute
d) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF
e) all of the above
13. The hormone ADH __________.
a) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity
b) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ion
c) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys
d) causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine
e) all of the above
14. When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This triggers __________.
a) secretion of ADH
b) inhibition of ADH secretion
c) increased glomerular filtration
d) decreased urine production
e) increased thirst
15. Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include __________.
a) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron
b) increased parasympathetic activity
c) high blood pressure in the renal artery
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
16. Angiotensin II __________.
a) stimulates thirst
b) causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body
c) causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
17. Aldosterone __________.
a) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood
b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
c) helps decrease blood volume
d) increases the concentration of sodium in urine
e) functions in pH regulation
18. When the concentration of sodium ion in the ECF decreases, __________.
a) osmoreceptors are stimulated
b) a person experiences an increased thirst
c) less ADH is released
d) there is a decrease in the level of aldosterone
e) there is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor
19. A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in __________.
a) elevated blood pressure
b) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney
c) increased water retention
d) increased blood volume
e) all of the above
20. Which function(s) is/are continuously regulated by the GI tract?
a) absorption
b) motility
c) secretion
d) A and C
e) B and C
21. Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except one. Identify the exception.
a) stomach
b) pharynx
c) esophagus
d) spleen
e) colon
22. Structures that function to increase surface area along the GI tract include __________.
a) rugae in the stomach
b) plicae in the intestine
c) villi in the intestine
d) crypts in the intestine
e) all of these
23. Chief cells secrete __________.
a) pepsinogen
b) gastrin
c) mucus
d) hydrochloric acid
e) intrinsic factor
24. G cells of the stomach secrete __________.
a) cholecystokinin
b) secretin
c) gastrin
d) enterokinase
e) pepsin
25. The middle portion of the small intestine is the __________.
a) ileum
b) duodenum
c) jejunum
d) pylorus
26. Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the __________.
a) mucosa
b) submucosa
c) muscularis mucosa
d) myenteric plexus
e) submucosal plexus
27. The myenteric plexus is __________.
a) a layer of circular smooth muscle
b) a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
c) a network of neurons
d) the mucus secreting layer of the digestive tract
e) primarily composed of connective tissue
28. The swallowing center in the brain that coordinates the muscular reflexes is located in the __________.
a) cerebrum
b) medulla
c) pons
d) cerebellum
e) hypothalamus
29. Mucus functions in __________.
a) protection
b) lubrication
c) enzyme activation
d) A and B
e) A, B and C
30. Which enzyme is necessary for the release of H+ and HCO3- ions by the GI tract?
a) trypsin
b) pepsin
c) carbonic anhydrase
d) amylase
e) peptidase
31. An intestinal hormone that stimulates parietal cells in the stomach is __________.
a) secretin
b) cholecystokinin
c) enterokinase
d) gastrin
e) GIP
32. The pancreas produces __________.
a) lipases
b) amylase
c) proteases
d) peptidases
e) all of the above
33. During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, __________.
a) the
stomach responds to distention
b) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells
c) there
is a increase flow of action potentials along the vagus
nerve to the stomach
d) the
intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying
e) production
of gastric juice slows down
34. The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by __________.
a) the sight, thought or smell of food
b) the entry of food into the stomach
c) the entry of chyme into the small intestine
d) the entry of chyme into the large intestine
e) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine
35. Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in __________.
a) decreased motility
b) decreased secretion
c) decreased sensitivity of local reflexes
d) decreased segmentation
e) none of the above
36. In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes __________.
a) a fluid rich in enzymes
b) a fluid rich in bicarbonate
c) a fluid rich in bile
d) a fluid that contains only proteases
e) a fluid that contains only amylase