LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Why Study Parasitology?
A. Most common way of life
B. Effects on human history and life
1. history
2. health and welfare
a. disease
b. malnutrition
c. agriculture
d. financial loss
e. overpopulation
C. Ecological and Evolutionary effects
II. Terminology
A. Parasitism
B. Host
C. Commensalism
D. Phoresis
E. Zoonosis
F. Epidemiology
G. Helminth
H. Parasite Load
Overview of Host Immune Responses to Parasite Infections
I. Introduction
II. Types of Immunity
A. Acquired immunity
1. humoral immune response
2. cell mediated immune response
B. Innate immunity
III. Cells of the Immune System
A. Phagocytes
1. function
2. macrophages
a. mononuclear phagocyte system
b. polymorphonuclear leukocytes
B. Leukocytes
1. B cells
a. plasma cells
b. memory B cells
2. T cells
a. T helper cells
b. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
c. T-suppressor cells
d. T-memory cells
C. Mast cells
D. Natural Killer cells
IV. Complement
A. classical pathway
B. alternate pathway
V. Basis of Self/Non-self Recognition
A. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
B. Types of MHC proteins
1. MHC class I
2. MHC class II
VI. Recognition Molecules
A. antibodies (Ab)
1. structure
2. function
B. T-cell receptors
1. structure
2. function
VII. Acquired immune response
A. Humoral immune response
B. Cell mediated immune response
C. Inflammation
1. Delayed type hypersensitivity
2. Immediate hypersensitivity
VIII. Innate immune response
A. Physical barriers
B. Chemical barriers
IX. Pathogenesis of Parasite Infections
A. Physical trauma: destruction of cells and tissues
B. Nutrition robbing: often associated with gut parasites
C. Toxin production:
D. Host immune response and inflammation: (immunopathology)
X. Parasite evasion of host immune responses
PHYLUM EUGLENOZOA
I. Subphylum Kinetoplastida: Class Trypanosomatidae
A. Trypanosoma
1. general morphology
2. Salivaria Group
a. protein coat
b. general life cycle
c. taxonomy
1) T. brucei
a) T. b. brucei
b) T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesience
1)) pathology
2)) immunology
3)) treatment and control
2) T. evansi
3) T. equiperdum
3. Stercoraria group: T. cruzi
a. life cycle
b. pathology
1) acute phase
2) chronic phase
c. immunology
d. treatment and control
B. Leishmania
1. General life cycle
2. Taxonomy
a. L. tropica: old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
b. L. donovani: visceral leishmaniasis
c. L. braziliensis: new world mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
3. immunology
4. treatment and control
PHYLUM AXOSTYLATA
I. Trichomonas
A. morphology
B. taxonomy
1. T. tenax
2 T. vaginalis
3. T. foetus
II. Histomonas meleogridis
A. life cycle
B. disease and treatment
III. Dientamoeba fragilis
PHYLUM RETORTAMONADA
I. Chilomastix mesnili
II. Giardia lamblia
PHYLUM SARCODINA: CLASS LOBOSEA
I. Entamoeba
A. E. histolytica
1. life cycle
2. pathogenicity and treatment
B. E. coli
C. E. gingivalis
II. Endolimax nana
III. Iodamoeba buetschlii
IV. Naegleria fowlerii
PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA: CLASS COCCIDEA
I. Morphology and General Life Cycle
II. Haemogregorina
III. Eimeria tenella
A. life cycle
B. pathology
IV. Toxoplasma gondii
A. life cycle
1. enteroepithelial cycle
2. extraintestinal cycle
B. pathology and immunology
C. treatment and control
V. Sarcocystis
VI. Cryptosporidium
VII. Pneumocystis carinii
VIII. The Malarias (Plasmodium)
A. General life cycle
B. Taxonomy
1. P. vivax: benign tertian malaria
2. P. falciparum: malignant tertian malaria
3. P. malariae: quartan malaria
4. P. ovale: mild tertian malria
C. Pathology
1. general effects
2. P. falciparum
a. bilious remittant fever
b. cerebral malaria
c. pulmonary edema
d. algid malaria
e. blackwater fever
D. Immunology
1. natural immunity
2. immune responses
3. parasite evasion of immune responses
4. immunopathology
E. Evolutionary consequences of human-Plasmodium interaction
1. sickle-cell anemia
2. glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency
3. Duffy blood groups
F. Treatment and control
IX. Babesia bigemina
PHYLUM MYXOZOA
I. Myxobolus cerebralis
A. Morphology
B. Life cycle
C. Pathology
PHYLUM MICROSPORA
I. General life cycle
II. Nosema bombycis
III. Nosema apis
PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
I. Balantidium coli
II. Ichthyophthirius multifilius
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
I. Class Turbellaria (Rhabdocoela)
A. Temnocephala
II. Class Monogenea
A. General morphology
B. General life cycle
C. Taxonomy
1. Dactylogyrus spp.
2. Gyrodactylus spp.
III. Class Trematoda: Subclass Digenea
A. Morphology
1. generalized adult
2. tegument
B. General life cycle
C. Taxonomy
1. Order Stigeiformes
a. Alaria americana
a. Uvulifer ambloplites
b. Clinostomum marginatum
c. Schistosoma
1) morphology
2) general life cycle
3) taxonomy
a) S. mansoni
b) S. haemotobium
c) S. japonicum
4) pathology and treatment
5) immunology
2. Order Echinostomatiformes
a. Echinostoma revolutum
b. Fasciola hepatica
1) life cycle
2) pathology
c. Fasciolopsis buski
d. Paramphistomum cervi
3. Order Plagiorchiatiformes
a. Dicrocoelium dendtriticum
b. Haematoloecus medioplexus
c. Prosthogonimus macrorchis
d. Paragonimus westermani
1) life cycle
2) pathology
e. Nanophyetes salmincola
4. Order Opisthorchiformes
a. Clonorchis sinensis
1) life cycle
2) pathology
b. Heterophyes heterophyes
IV. Class Cestoidea
A. Morphology
1. Scolex
a. nervous system
b. attachment devices
2. Neck
3. Strobila and proglottids
4. Tegument
B. General Life Cycle: Two main routes
1. Route one: “coracidium” route
a. egg hatches, coracidium eaten
b. procercoid
c. pleurcercoid
2. Route two: “oncosphere” route
a. egg eaten, hatches into onchosphere (hexacanth or decacanth)
b. metacestode
1) cysticercoid larva
2) cysticercous larva
C. Order Pseudophyllidea
1. Diphyllobothrium latum
a. life cycle
b. pathology
2. D. mansonoides
D. Order Proteocephalata
1. Proteocephalus ambloplites
E. Order Cyclophyllidea
1. Taeniarhynchus saginatus
a. life cycle
b. pathology
2. Taenia solium
a. life cycle
b. pathology
3. T. pisiformis
4. T. serialis (Multiceps serialis)
5. Echinococcus granulosis
6. E. multilocularis
7. Vampirolepsis nana
8. Hymenolepis diminuta
9. Dipylidium caninum
10. Moniesia
11. Thysansomosa actinoides
F. Order Caryophyllidea
PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA
I. Anatomy
A. General anatomy
B. Reproductive systems
C. Development and life cycle
II. Taxonomy
A. Neoechinorhynchus
B. Macrocanthorhynchus
PHYLUM NEMATODA
I. Anatomy
A. Basic body plan
B. Movement
C. Cuticle
D. Gut
E. Nervous system
F. Reproductive system
G. Development
II. Taxonomy
A. Trichuris trichiura
B. Capillaria
1. C. hepatica
2. C. philippinensis (
C. Trichnella spiralis
1. life cycle
2. pathology
D. Dioctophyma renale
E. Strongyloides stercoralis
1. life cycle
2. pathology
F. Hookworms
1. general life cycle
2. taxomony
3. pathology and treatment
G. Ascaris
1. life cycle
2. pathology and disease
H. Toxocara canis
1. life
2. pathology
I. Pinworms
1. Enterobius vermicularis
J. Dracunculus mediensis
K. Filarial worms
1. Wucheraria bancrofti
a. life cycle
b. pathology
2. Brugia malayi
3. Onchocerca volvulus
a. life cycle
b. pathology
4. Loa loa
5. Dirofilaria immites
L. Various Nematodes of Livestock and Pets
1. Ruminants
a. Haemonchus contortus: stomach worm
b. Oesophagastomum: “knotty guts”
c. Dictyocaulus: lung worm
2. Swine
a. Oesophagastomum: “knotty guts”
b. Stephanurus dentatum: kidney worm
c. Metastrongylus: lung worm
3. Horses
a. Strongylus vulgaris: round worm of horses
4. Dogs (and other carnivores)
a. Gnathostoma: stomach worm
b. Spirocerca: esophagus worm of dogs
Phylum Arthropoda
I. Phylum Characteristics
II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics
B. Systems
C. Taxonomy
1. Class Copepoda
a. general copepod morphology
b. Ergasilus
c. Caligus
d. Lernaea
e. Salmincola
f. Lernaeocera
g. Sarcotaces
2. Class Branchiura: "fish lice"
a. Argulus
3. Class Cirripedia
III. Subphylum Chelicerata
A. Characteristics
B. Systems
C. Taxonomy
1. Mites
a. Mites of humans
1) Demodex follicularum and D. brevis
2) Chiggers
a) Trombicula and Leptotrombidium
b) general life cycle
c) general pathology
1)) chigger dermatitis
2)) transmission of disease
3) Sarcoptes scabiei
b. Mange mites
1) Demodex canis
2) Sarcoptes
3) Choriptes sp.
4) Psoroptes sp.
c. Other Economically and Medically Important Mites
1) Otodectes
2) Dermanyssus
3) Liponyssus
4) Pyemotes
5) Varroa jacobsoni
6) Acarapis woodi
2. Ticks
a. general life cycle
b. general pathology
c. taxonomy
1) Dermacenter
2) Ixodes
3) Amblyoma
4) Boophilus annulatus
IV. Subphylum Uniramia: Class Insecta
A. Characteristics
B. Systems
1. General mouthparts
2. Cuticle and molting
3. Development
a. hemimetabolous development
b. holometabolous development
c. diapause
C. Taxonomy
1. Order Mallophaga: chewing lice
a. Menopon
b. Menacanthus
2. Order Anoplura: sucking lice
a. general anatomy
b. general life cycle
c. Pediculus humanus capitis
d. P. humanus humanus
1) epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowasekii)
2) trench fever (Rochalimaea)
3) louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia)
e. Phthirus pubis
f. Haematopinus suis
3. Order Hemiptera: the true bugs
a. mouthparts
b. Cimex
c. Triatoma and Rhodnius
4. Order Siphonaptera: the fleas
a. anatomy
b. life cycle
c. Pulex irritans
d. Ceratophyllus
e. Ctenocephalides
f. Tunga penetrans
g. Xenopsylla cheopis
1) Plague: Yersinia pestis
a) life cycle
b) 3 forms of plague
c) plague and human history
2) Murine typhus: Rickettsia
5. Order Diptera
a. Black fly: (Simulium); transmits Onchocerca volvulus
b. Sand flies: (Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia) transmit Leishmania
c. Tse tse fly: (Glossina); transmits Trypanosoma
d. Mosquitoes
1) Culex: equine encephalitis, Wucheraria bancrofti,
Dirofilaria immitis
2) Aedes: yellow fever, hemmorhagic fever
3) Anopheles: Plasmodium
e. Tabanus: horse fly
f. Chrysops: deer fly
g. eye gnats: pink eye, bovine mastitis
h. House fly: (Musca domestica)
i. Melophagus: sheep ked
j. Flies causing myiasis
1) Phaenicia : wool strike
2) Cochliomyia: screw worm
3) Gasterophilus: stomach bot of cattle
4) Hypoderma: warble fly or cattle grub
5) Oestrus ovis: nasal bot of sheep
6) Cuterebra: skin bot
7) Dermatobia: skin bot of humans